The structural design of a tensile testing machine primarily comprises the following core components:
- Loading Frame: Typically features a dual-column or gantry-style structure made of high-strength alloy steel to ensure rigidity (static stiffness ≥ 1.5 kN/μm) and resistance to off-center loading;
- Drive System: Electro-hydraulic models utilize servo-valve-controlled hydraulic actuators (common strokes of 100–1000 mm), while electromechanical models employ ball screws and servo motors (speed range of 0.001–500 mm/min);
- Force Measurement System: High-precision load cells (Class 0.5 or higher) are installed at the specimen gripping end; some models feature bidirectional sensors to measure both compression and tension;
- Gripping Device: Wedge grips (suitable for metallic materials; clamping force ≥ 20 kN) or pneumatic grips (designed for composite materials to prevent surface scratching);
- Control System: Based on PLC or industrial PC architecture, supporting the programming of standard test procedures (e.g., ASTM/ISO) and real-time data acquisition at frequencies ≥ 1 kHz.